Participatory Rural Appraisal PRA is one of the most important tool to find location specific problems and researchable issues to come up with possible solutions for short and long-term benefits.
Provides an opportunity to the farmers to analyze their livelihood issues
PRA is an exercise that deals with temporal and spatial issues in agricultural activities
Temporal data helps in seasonal analysis, adoption and awareness about the new technologies and human dimensions help in knowing the facts about participation, gender issues, disaggregation, cultural values and ethics of the people of that locality

1. Basic information about the village	8. Social map	15. Bio-resources flow
2. Transact walk	9. Time line	16. Indigenous technical knowledge (ITK)
3. Agro-ecological map	10. Time trend	17. Technological map
4. Resources map	11. Mobility map	18. Matrix ranking
5. Seasonal calendar	12. Venn diagram	19. Problem identification and ranking
6. Seasonal analysis	13. Wealth ranking	20. action plan
7. Gender aggregated activities	14. Livelihood analysis	21. conclusion

Training is a process of acquisition of new skills, attitude and knowledge in the context of preparing for entry into a vocation or improving ones productivity in an organization or enterprise.

1. Training for farmers (On and Off Campus)	4. Sponsored training programmes (On&Off Campus) For farmers, rural youth & extension personnel
2. Training for rural youth (On and Off Campus)	5. Vocational training programmes (On and Off Campus) For farmers and rural youth
3. Training for extension personnel (On and Off Campus)

Short duration trainings (1-7 days)

Medium duration trainings (8-14 days)

Long duration trainings (3-4 weeks)

Pre Training : It involves planning of training programme. The trainer will access the training needs and design appropriate course content as well as methods.
Actual training: Activities such as reception of traineesm, boarding and lodging, inauguration, guest lectures, organization of instruction, demonstration, demonstration of skill training, field trips evaluations etc.
Post training: The post training is the evaluation based on the feedback, necessary correction for bringing about futher improvement.

SHG are small and economically homogenous affinity groups of rural poor.

a. The ideal size of SHG is 10-20 members	e. A mixed group is generally not preferred
b. The group may or may not be registered	f. It is important that the members have a common social and financial background
c. Only one person from one family can become member of a SHG	g. The advantage of a homogeneous group is that members can interact freely
d. A group of either men or women can be formed

a. Women / men from poor households	d. Having illiterate adults in family
b. Those with dry land holding not be more than 2 acres	e. Presence of alcoholic or drug addict or a person with prolonged illness in the family
c. Having no access to safe drinking water	f. SC or ST families

To save small amount of money regularly	To mutually agree to contribute a common fund
To meet their emergency needs	To solve conflicts through collective leadership mutual discussion
To have collective decision making	To provide collateral free loan with terms decided by the group at the market driven rates

 Savings and thrift	 Internal lending	 Maintenance of meeting register, balance sheet register and activities register etc.
 Keeping proper accounts of transactions	 Discussing problems

Farmers club is an unofficial group organized through banks supported financially from NABARD with an objective to develop rural areas through agriculture and allied activities.

1. Work must be done with skill so as to increase production and productivity	4. Credit must be used in accordance with the most suitable methods of science and technology
2. The terms and conditions of credit must be fully respected	5. Loan installments must be repaid in time and regularly so as to recycle credit
3. A part of the additional income created by credit must be saved

 Adopt, practice & propagate the 5 principles of Development through Credit.
 Function as extension volunteers/ para workers 24*7
 Credit counseling to have knowledge about the terms & conditions of loans, deposits, operations & advantages of KCC, interest subvention facility offered by the Government etc.
 Technology counseling to make aware about the latest technology related to agriculture horticulture and Animal husbandry
 Marketing counseling to have knowledge about the importance of collective purchase & distribution of inputs like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, Animal feed etc.
 Market intelligence to make awareness about market rates, opportunities, fair deals, remunerative prices, spot/ future trading
 Maintenance of records and books of accounts
 Work for increase in production, productivity, reduction in cost of production through better technology , higher incomes of farmers & ensure overall benefit of farmers

 All Institutional Agencies (Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks and Regional Rural Banks) and all grassroot level organisations (NGOs, PRIs, State Agricultural Universities, KVKs, ATMA and Post Offices etc.) are eligible to form Farmers’ Clubs.
 Objectives of Farmers’ Club
 To ensure development in the rural areas through credit, technology transfer, awareness and capacity-building.
 To generate income through creation of employment
 To transfer latest agriculture techniques to the field and help farmers enhance the productivity
 To develop leadership quality among the member of the club
 To share equally the benefits of working together

 Increase in deposits.
 Increase in the credit flow and diversification of lending.
 Generation of new business avenues.
 Reduction in the transaction costs of financial institutions/ Banks.
 Socio economic development of the village.
 A win-win situation both for the banker and borrower.
 Besides these benefits to the banks, the Farmers’ Club has also been instrumental in certain social welfare measures like free eye check-up camp, Animal Health Care Camp, Mass vaccination camp, community works like road, check-dams, afforestation, etc.
 Enhancement in bargaining power for bulk purchase of inputs and marketing of their produce.

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a legally constituted organization created by legal persons that operates independently from any government and a term usually used by governments to refer to entities that have no government status. NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from membership in the organization. The term is usually applied only to organizations that pursue some wider social aim that has political aspects, but that are not overtly political organizations such as political parties.

 Operational or Grassroots NGOs

 Support NGOs

 Funding NGOs

 Umbrella or Network NGOs

The Kisan Credit Card is a pioneering credit delivery innovation for providing adequate and timely credit to farmers under single window, with flexible and simplified procedure, adopting whole farm approach, including the short-term credit, medium term and long term credit needs of the borrowers for agriculture and allied activities and a reasonable component for consumption needs.

 To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of crops as a result of natural calamities, pests and diseases.
 To encourage farmers to adopt progressive farming practices, high value inputs and higher technology in agriculture.
 To help stabilize farm incomes, particularly in disaster years.
 To support and stimulate primarily production of food crops and oilseeds.
 Farmers to be covered: All farmers (both loanee and non-loanee irrespective of their size of holdings) including sharecroppers, tenant farmers growing insurable crops covered.
 Sum insured: The sum insured extends upto the value of threshold yield of the crop, with an option to cover upto 150% of average yield of the crop on payment of extra premium.
 Premium subsidy: 50% subsidy in premium allowed to Small and Marginal Farmers, to be shared equally by the Government of India and State Government/Union Territory. Premium subsidy to be phased out over a period of 5 years.

 Eligible farmers to be provided with a Kisan Credit Card and a pass book or card-cum-pass book.
 Revolving cash credit facility involving any number of drawls and repayments within the limit.
 Limit to be fixed on the basis of operational land holding, cropping pattern and scale of finance.
 Entire production credit needs for full year plus ancillary activities related to crop production to be considered while fixing limit.
 Sub-limits to cover short term, medium term as well as term credit are fixed at the discretion of banks.
 Card valid for 3 to 5 years subject to annual review. As incentive for good performance, credit limits could be enhanced to take care of increase in costs, change in cropping pattern, etc.
 Each drawal to be repaid within a maximum period of 12 months.
 Conversion/reschedulement of loans also permissible in case of damage to crops due to natural calamities.
 Security, margin, rate of interest, etc. as per RBI norms.
 Operations may be through issuing branch (and also PACS in the case of Cooperative Banks) through other designated branches at the discretion of bank
 Withdrawals through slips/cheques accompanied by card and passbook.
 Crop loans disbursed under KCC Scheme for notified crops are covered under Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojna (National Crop Insurance Scheme), a crop insurance scheme introduced at the behest of Government of India to protect the interest of the farmer against loss of crop yield caused by natural calamities, pest attacks etc.

 Access to adequate and timely credit to farmers.
 Full year's credit requirement of the borrower taken care of.
 Minimum paper work and simplification of documentation for drawal of funds from the bank.
 Flexibility to draw cash at any time and buy inputs as per the need of the farmer and also to repay as and when surplus fund is available.
 Assured availability of credit at any time enabling reduced interest burden for the farmer.
 Sanction of the facility for 3 years subject to annual review and satisfactory operations and provision for enhancement.
 Flexibility of drawals from a branch other than the issuing branch at the discretion of the bank.

The RKVY aims at achieving 4% annual growth in the Agriculture sector during the XI Plan period, by ensuring a holistic development of Agriculture and allied sectors.
The main Objectives of the scheme are:
 To incentivize the states so as to increase public investment in Agriculture and allied sectors.
 To provide flexibility and autonomy to states in the process of planning and executing Agriculture and allied sectors schemes.
 To ensure the preparation of Agriculture plans of the districts and the states based on Agro-Climate conditions, availability of technology and natural resources.
 To ensure that the local needs/crops/priorities are better reflected in the Agricultural plans of the states.
 To achieve the goal of reducing the yield gaps in important crops, through focused interventions.
 To maximize returns to the farmers in Agriculture and allied sectors.
 To bring about quantifiable changes in the production and productivity of various components of Agriculture and allied sectors by addressing them in a holistic manner.

Launched on 2nd February 2006 as a momentous initiative towards pro-poor growth. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (NREGA) guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to any rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work.
This work guarantee also serve other objectives:
 Generating productive assets and skills thereby boosting the rural economy, protecting the environment, empowering rural women, reducing rural urban migration and fostering social equity, among others
 The Act offers an opportunity to strengthen our democratic processes by entrusting principle role to Panchayat at all levels in its implementation and promises transparency through involvement of community at planning and monitoring stages.

Training for Rural Youth and Self-Employment is an integral part of Integrated Rural Development Programme. This centrally sponsored programme was started on 15th August, 1979.
Objectives:
 To impart technical and business expertise to rural youths belonging to BPL
 To provide self-employment opportunities to the rural youths
 Providing technical training to youths of 18-35 age group

Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas was started in the year 1982 September in the form of Sub plan of Integrated Rural Development Programme. At present DWCRA is not in existence as it has merged with Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana w.e.f. April 1, 1999. The main Objectives of this programme was to provide suitable opportunities of self- employment to the women belonging to the rural families who are living below poverty line.

In view of the stagnating food grain production and an increasing consumption need of the growing population, Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved launching of a Centrally Sponsored Scheme ‘National Food Security Mission’. The National Development Council in its 53 meeting adopted a resolution to enhance the production of rice, wheat and pulses by 10, 8 and 2 million tons respectively by 2011. Hence the CCEA gave its approval for launching the NFSM’ to operationalize the resolution. The Mission aims at increasing production of rice, wheat and pulses through a set of measures such as area expansion, productivity enhancement in selected districts; restoring soil fertility; creating employment opportunities and enhancing farm level economy to restore the confidence of the farmers of the targeted districts

 Centrally sponsored which came into effect from 01/04/1999
 Scheme basically emphasizes on self-employment.
 Scheme covers all aspect of self- employment like capacity building, subsidy
 Infrastructure facility, and credit, skill upgradation, insurance and marketing.
The basic objective of the SGSY is to bring the assisted poor families (Swarozgaris) above the Poverty Line by providing them income-generating assets through a mix of Bank Credit and Governmental Subsidy. The programme aims at establishing a large number of micro enterprises in rural areas based on the ability of the poor and potential of each area.

Integrated Rural Development Programme is also known as anti-poverty programme. It was launched during the year 1978-79 by the Ministry of Rural Reconstruction with the objectives of eliminating poverty and unemployment in rural areas. The main aim of IRDP is to improve the economic condition of families living the BPL through the creation of new assets or generation of employment
Objectives:
 Increasing the productivity of land by providing the needed inputs required quantities at the right time, thereby raising the productivity and production in agriculture.
 Creating tangible assets for the rural poor to improve their economic conditions.
 Diversifying agriculture through poultry, diary, fishery, sericulture etc.
 Providing infrastructure facilities like processing, storage, organized marketing, milk chilling and collecting centre, artificial insemination centre.

Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana was introduced in the year December 1st, 1997. The schemes was introduced for providing employment to the urban unemployed and underemployed poor by encouraging the setting up of self-employment ventures by the urban poor and also providing wages employment and utilizing their labour for construction of socially and economically useful public assets.
It has five components:
 The urban Self-Employment Programme which targets individual urban poor for setting up of microenterprises
 The urban Women Self-Help Programme which target urban poor women self-help group for setting up of group enterprises and providing assistance through a revolving fund for thrift and credit activities
 Skill Training for Employment Promotion amongst Urban Poor which target the urban poor for imparting quality training so as to enhance their employability for self-employment or better salaried employment
 The Urban Wages Employment Programme which seeks to assist the urban poor by utilizing their labour for the construction of socially and economically useful public assets in town having population of less than 5 lakhs as per the 1991 census
 The Urban Community Development Network which seeks to assist the urban poor in organizing themselves into self-managed community structures so as to gain collective strength to address the issue of poverty facing them and participate in effective implementation of urban poverty alleviation programme

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Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) aims at supporting sustainable production in agriculture sector by way of -

a) Providing financial support to farmers suffering crop loss/damage arising out of unforeseen events
b) Stabilizing the income of farmers to ensure their continuance in farming
c) Encouraging farmers to adopt innovative and modern agricultural practices
d) Ensuring flow of credit to the agriculture sector; which will contribute to food security, crop diversification and enhancing growth and competitiveness of agriculture sector besides protecting farmers from production risks.

1. All farmers including sharecroppers and tenant farmers growing the notified crops in the notified areas are eligible for coverage. However, farmers should have insurable interest for the notified/ insured crops. The non-loanee farmers are required to submit necessary documentary evidence of land records prevailing in the State (Records of Right (RoR), Land possession Certificate (LPC) etc.) and/ or applicable contract/ agreement details/ other documents notified/ permitted by concerned State Government (in case of sharecroppers/ tenant farmers).
2. Compulsory Component
All farmers availing Seasonal Agricultural Operations (SAO) loans from Financial Institutions (i.e. loanee farmers) for the notified crop(s) would be covered compulsorily.
3. Voluntary Component
The Scheme would be optional for the non-loanee farmers.
4. Special efforts shall be made to ensure maximum coverage of SC/ ST/ Women farmers under the scheme. Budget allocation and utilization under these segments should be in proportion of land holding of SC/ ST/ General along with Women in the respective state/ cluster. Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) may be involved at various stages of implementation of crop insurance schemes particularly in the identification of the crops and beneficiaries, extension and awareness creation amongst farmers, obtaining feed-back of the farmers while assessing the claim for prevented sowing/ planting risk, localized perils, post-harvest losses and advance payment of claims etc.

Food crops (Cereals, Millets and Pulses),Oilseeds
Annual Commercial / Annual Horticultural crops

Following stages of the crop and risks leading to crop loss are covered under the scheme.
I. Prevented Sowing/ Planting Risk: Insured area is prevented from sowing/ planting due to deficit rainfall or adverse seasonal conditions
II. Standing Crop (Sowing to Harvesting): Comprehensive risk insurance is provided to cover yield losses due to non- preventable risks, viz. Drought, Dry spells, Flood, Inundation, Pests and Diseases, Landslides, Natural Fire and Lightening, Stormailstorm, Cyclone, Typhoon, Tempest, Hurricane and Tornado.
III. Post-Harvest Losses: coverage is available only up to a maximum period of two weeks from harvesting for those crops which are allowed to dry in cut and spread condition in the field after harvesting against specific perils of cyclone and cyclonic rains and unseasonal rains.
IV. Localized Calamities: Loss/ damage resulting from occurrence of identified localized risks of hailstorm, landslide, and Inundation affecting isolated farms in the notified area.

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Set up in the year 1982 to help faster development of agriculture marketing in North East region of the country.
Main activities are to promote
 Domestic marketing, processing, post-harvest handling and exports
 To implement central government policies and programme and coordinate them in North East Region to ensure overall development of agriculture and allied commodities marketing
 Development of marketing and processing infrastructure and their integration with other parts of the country

Set up in the year 1986 under the Agricultural and Processed Food Product Export Authority Act, 1985. The main responsibility is the export promotion of fruits and vegetables product meat and meat product, poultry product, dairy products confectionaries, biscuits and bakery product, honey alcoholic beverage and other value added items.
The main objectives of APEDA are:
 To maximize foreign exchange earnings through increased agro-export for providing higher income to the farmers
 To create employment opportunities in rural area by encouraging value added export of farm product
 To implement schemes for providing financial assistance to improve post-harvest facilities to boost their exports

National Horticulture Board was set up by the Government of India in the year 1984 as an autonomous society under the society registration Act, 1860 to promote integrated development of horticulture in the country.
The specific objectives of setting up NHB are:
 To promote the development of horticulture industry in the country
 To help coordinating, stimulating and sustaining the production and processing of fruits and vegetables
 To establish infrastructure in the field of production, processing and marketing with a focus on post-harvest management to reduces losses
 To assist in the establishment of growers societies to advance their economic and social status
 To provide technological, financial and other assistance to various market organizations
 To provide market information and build data base in horticulture

Set up in the year 1963 for promoting, guiding and supporting rural economic activities on cooperative principles. The main activities of NCDC focuses on
 Programmes for promoting, strengthening and developing farmers cooperatives for marketing, processing and storage of agriculture products
 Supply of agriculture inputs and essential consumer goods in rural areas
 Promoting income generating activities including poultry, fishery, handlooms and other minor forest products
 Providing financial assistance to large number of cooperative societies through the guarantee of the state government and also the technical guidance

Established in the year 1958. It is an apex organization of marketing cooperatives in the country. It deals in procurement, processing, distribution, export and import of selected agriculture commodities. It is also a nodal agency for undertaking price support operations for pulses and oilseeds and market intervention operations for other agriculture commodities.
Its objectives are:
 To coordinate and promote the marketing and trading activities of its affiliated co-operative institutions
 To make arrangement for supply of the agriculture inputs required by member institutions
 To promote inter-state and international trade in agricultural and other commodities
 To act as an agent of the government for the purchase, sale, storage and distribution of agriculture products and inputs
Its main activities are:
A). Interstate trade
B). Foreign Trade-Export and Import of Agricultural Commodities
C). Price Support Operations
D). Production and Marketing of Agricultural Inputs
E). Promotional activities
F). Developing Co-Operative marketing of Tribal Produce
G). Setting up of Scientific Storage System
H). Processing of Fruits, Vegetables and other Items

Established in the year 1987 to develop the system of Marketing of forest products produced by the tribals in the country. It also arranges marketing and export of minor forest products produced by tribals in the tribal dominated areas and protects the tribals from exploitation by the private traders because of poor demand and promotion in small lots.

NABARD is set up as an apex Development Bank with a mandate for facilitating credit flow for promotion and development of agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts. It also has the mandate to support all other allied economic activities in rural areas, promote integrated and sustainable rural development and secure prosperity of rural areas. In discharging its role as a facilitator for rural prosperity NABARD is entrusted with
1. Providing refinance to lending institutions in rural areas
2. Bringing about or promoting institutional development and
3. Evaluating, monitoring and inspecting the client banks
4. Besides this pivotal role, NABARD also
 Acts as a coordinator in the operations of rural credit institutions
 Extends assistance to the government, the Reserve Bank of India and other organizations in matters relating to rural development
 Offers training and research facilities for banks, cooperatives and organizations working in the field of rural development
 Helps the state governments in reaching their targets of providing assistance to eligible institutions in agriculture and rural development
 Acts as regulator for cooperative banks

The RRBs was established in the year 1976 to have an institutional agency with clear understanding of rural problems and local familiarity. RRBs plays a pivotal role in mobilizing the savings of small and marginal farmers, artisans and agriculture labours and initiate banking habit among the rural people.
The objectives of RRBs are:
 To develop rural economy
 To provide credit for agriculture and allied activities
 To encourage village industries, artisans, carpenters, craftsmen, to reduce dependence of weaker section on money lenders
 To help poor financially for their consumption needs
 To make backward and tribal areas economically better off by opening new branches

 Agricultural Finance Corporation was promoted by the Indian Banks Association and it was cooperated on 10th April 1968 under the Indian Companies Act 1956. The role of AFC have two distinct role viz., financing the individuals/ institution/ organizations involving agriculture development and promoting commercial bank advances for agricultural development

These are the co-operatives credit organizations present at the state level. DCCBs and PACs are the member of these banks. These institution supervise the activities of the member banks and mobilize and deploy the financial resources among the member banks. They serve as a link between the RBI and PACS.
The specific objectives of State Co-operative banks are:
1. They help in formulating State in formulating developmental plans with regard to co-operative institutions
2. They co-ordinates the policies of the co-operatives with the government
3. They formulate and implement uniform credit policies regarding co-operative development in the States
4. They acts as banker banks to DCCBs, supervise, control and guide the co-operatives
5. They grant subsidies to DCCBS for the smooth functioning of the co- operatives
6. Similar to any commercial bank, they also perform normal banking operations.